The Ecoregions of Kansas

25b. Rolling Sand Plains

Square Miles: 2661
Physiography: Sandy undulating plains with small scattered areas of active sand dunes. Few perennial streams.
Geology: Eolian sand sheets and dunes over Miocene sandstone (Ogallala Formation).
Potential Natural Vegetation: Sandsage prairie: sand sagebrush, sand bluestem, prairie sandreed, and little bluestem. This community type sometimes is called sandsage steppe due to the presence of a dominant shrub, however, sandsage prairie is the name most frequently used in the plains.
Land Use and Land Cover: Predominantly rangeland with irrigated agriculture.

25c. Moderate Relief Rangeland

Square Miles: 3084
Physiography: Irregular plains with moderate slope. Intermittent streams, with a few large perennial streams. Historically, perennial streams fed by isolated springs may have been more abundant, but water consumption for agriculture and the lowering of the watertable have reduced flow and dried up springs and many streams.
Geology: Loess mantled uplands. Sandy, gravely and loamy colluvium. Miocene sandstone (Ogallala Formation).
Potential Natural Vegetation: Combination of shortgrass and mixedgrass prairies, with mostly mixedgrass prairie in the north. Shortgrass prairie (blue grama and buffalograss) dominates on upland sites, giving way to mixedgrass prairie (little bluestem, side oats grama) on slopes, more mesic sites along rivers and streams, and also on sites overlain by thicker loess deposits. In the south, largely on Cretaceous chalks, a unique association called the chalk flat prairie, which is a mixedgrass prairie.
Land Use and Land Cover: Rangeland and some small areas of dryland farming with major crops of winter wheat and grain sorghum.

25d. Flat to Rolling Cropland

Square Miles: 17882
Physiography: Flat to rolling plains. Few streams, mostly intermittent.
Geology: Loess mantled uplands with alluvial deposits. Northern area: Sandstone and siltstone (Ogallala Formation) with thin loess mantle. Also some Brule Formation (White River Group).
Potential Natural Vegetation: Mixedgrass prairie in the north: needle and thread, blue grama, threadleaf sedge, prairie sandreed, and western wheatgrass. Shortgrass prairie to the south: blue grama, buffalograss, and scattered, isolated sites with alkali sacaton, western wheatgrass, and inland saltgrass.
Land Use and Land Cover: Dryland cropland with large areas of irrigated agriculture. Major crops include winter wheat, with corn, grain sorghum, and sugar beets grown under irrigation.

25e. Rolling Cropland and Range

Square Miles: 765
Physiography: Nearly level to rolling plains. Few streams, mostly intermittent.
Geology: Eolian deposits; thin mantle of loess, loessial alluvium, and colluvium.
Potential Natural Vegetation: Shortgrass prairie in loess mantled areas with sandsage prairie in areas with coarse textured soils.
Land Use and Land Cover: Irrigated and dryland cropland, and rangeland with a significant amount of bare ground. Major crops include winter wheat, grain sorghum, alfalfa, and corn.

Natural Areas in the Western High Plains

• Cimarron National Grasslands • Sandsage Prairie
• Clark Wildlife Area • Mixed Grass Prairie
• Kingman & Byron Walker Wildlife Area • Sand Prairie
• Prairie Dog State Park • Mixed Grass Prairie
• Scott State Park • Mixed Grass Prairie
• Little Jerusalem Badlands State Park • Mixed Grass Prairie

27a. Smoky Hills

Square Miles: 7834
Physiography: Undulating to hilly dissected plain. Broad belt of low hills formed by mature dissection of Cretaceous rock layers.
Geology: Sandstone and shale, loamy colluvium, and chalky limestone. Locally mantled with thin loess over Cretaceous sandstone (Dakota Formations).
Potential Natural Vegetation: Transitional from tallgrass prairie in the east to mixedgrass prairie in the west. Some floodplain forests along riparian areas.
Land Use and Land Cover: Cropland with winter wheat as primary crop (more corn grown in irrigated areas) and areas of grassland.

27b. Rolling Plains and Breaks

Square Miles: 24739
Physiography: Dissected plains with broad undulating to rolling ridge tops and hilly to steep valley sides.
Geology: Holocene to Illinoian aged loess on uplands with alluvium in floodplains and stream terraces. Tertiary sandstone (Ogallala Formation) and Cretaceous limestone and shale (Niobrara and Greenhorn Formations).
Potential Natural Vegetation: Mixedgrass prairie: big bluestem, little bluestem, blue grama, needle and thread, side oats grama, and western wheatgrass. Some areas of floodplain forests along major riparian corridors.
Land Use and Land Cover: Mosaic of predominantly cropland and rangeland. Winter wheat and grain sorghum are the major crops with large areas of corn in the north. Irrigated areas along the major rivers planted with corn, alfalfa, and small grains. Rangeland on breaks.

Explore the Natural Areas of the Central Great Plains

• Cedar Bluff State Park• Mixed Grass Prairie
• Kanopolis State Park• Prairie
• Maxwell Wildlife Preserve• Prairie
• Kirwin National Wildlife Refuge • Mixed Grass Prairie
• Washington State Lake• Prairie
• Wilson State Park• Prairie

27c. Great Bend Sand Prairie

Square Miles: 4118
Physiography: Undulating to rolling sandy plains, dune areas.
Geology: Sandy eolian deposits, dune sand, and loamy Quaternary sediments over sandy alluvium.
Potential Natural Vegetation: Sand prairie bunch grasses: sand bluestem, sand dropseed, and sand reedgrass.
Land Use and Land Cover: Dryland and irrigated cropland. Winter wheat is main dryland crop. Large areas of center pivot irrigation support grain sorghum and alfalfa crops. Some areas of rangeland.

Explore the Natural Areas of the Great Bend Sand Prairies

• Cottonwood Flats Wildlife Area • Sandhills Prairie
• Pratt Sandhills Wildlife Area • Sandhills Prairie
• Sandsage Bison Range • Sandsage prairie
• Sandhills State Park • Sand Prairie

27d. Wellington McPherson Lowland

Square Miles: 6058
Physiography: Flat alluvial lowlands. Perennial streams and numerous springs.
Geology: Loess and silty, sandy, and clayey alluvium. Permian sandstone, shale, and salt deposits (Wellington Formation).
Potential Natural Vegetation: Tallgrass prairie: big bluestem, little bluestem, and Indiangrass, with switchgrass in more mesic sites. Floodplain forests are well developed along rivers and streams and are dominated by plains cottonwood, black willow, peach leaf willow, common hackberry, American elm, green ash, and black walnut, with bur oak becoming less abundant westward.
Land Use and Land Cover: Extensive cropland agriculture. Major crops include winter wheat and grain sorghum. Small area of cotton cultivation.

Explore the Natural Areas of the McPherson-Wellington Lowlands

• Cheney Wildlife Area • Prairie
• Slate Creek Wetland • Prairie, Woodland, and Wetland

26a. Cimarron Breaks

Square Miles: 2812
Physiography: Irregular, dissected slopes, bluffs, and gypsum capped buttes.
Geology: Red colored Permian shale, siltstone, sandstone, salt, and gypsum deposits.
Potential Natural Vegetation: Mixedgrass prairie, dominated by big bluestem (on more mesic sites), little bluestem, side oats grama, blue grama, and some hairy grama, with eastern red cedar a dominant tree, especially in sites sheltered from fire.
Land Use and Land Cover: Rangeland and grassland.

26b. Flat Tablelands and Valleys

Square Miles: 779
Physiography: Flat tablelands and river valleys.
Geology: Silty alluvium, sand and gravel, red colored Permian shale, siltstone, sandstone, salt, and gypsum deposits.
Potential Natural Vegetation: Sandsage prairie common in sites with sandy or well-drained soils. Floodplain woodlands dominated by plains cottonwood, black willow, and peach leaf willow. Common hackberry, green ash, and American elm locally common, especially in the eastern part of the region.
Land Use and Land Cover: Cropland on flat tabletops and rangeland along the Cimarron River valley.

Explore the Southwest Tablelands

• Big Basin Prairie Preserve • Mixed Grass Prairie
• Lake Coldwater • Mixed Grass Prairie

28. Flint Hills

Square Miles: 9783
Physiography: Undulating to rolling hills, cuestas, cherty limestone, and shale outcrops. Perennial streams and springs common.
Geology: Cherty and clayey residuum. Interbedded cherty Permian limestone and shale. Some limited glacial drift in the northeast corner of region.
Potential Natural Vegetation: Tallgrass prairie: big bluestem, little bluestem, switchgrass, and Indiangrass. Largest area of intact, native, tallgrass prairie in the Great Plains.
Land Use and Land Cover: Rangeland with extensive cattle grazing. Some limited areas of cropland agriculture along the river valleys and in areas with little relief.

Explore the Natural Areas of the Flint Hills

• Butler Wildlife Area • Tallgrass Prairie
• Chase Wildlife Area • Tallgrass Prairie
• Cowley Wildlife Area • Tallgrass Prairie
• El Dorado Wildlife Area • Tallgrass Prairie
• Geary State Lake • Tallgrass Prairie
• Konza Prairie • Tallgrass Prairie
• Tallgrass National Preserve • Tallgrass Prairie

Cross Timbers

Square Miles: 775
Physiography: Rolling hills and uplands.
Geology: Sandy residuum and shale outcrops. Pennsylvanian shale with thin sandstone strata.
Potential Natural Vegetation: Cross timbers savanna: post oak, blackjack oak, hickory, and eastern red cedar with an understory of tallgrass and mixedgrass species.
Land Use and Land Cover: Woodland and rangeland.

Explore the Natural Areas of the Cross Timbers

• Berentz-Dick Wildlife Area • Cross Timbers
• Cross Timbers State Park • Cross Timbers
• Copan Wildlife Area • Cross Timbers
• Woodson Wildlife Area • Cross Timbers

39a. Ozark Plateau

Square Miles: 56
Physiography: Smooth to rolling hills.
Geology: Loamy residuum. Mississippian cherty limestone.
Potential Natural Vegetation: Oak hickory mixed forest. Pecan, Shumard oak, pin oak, white sassafras, and river birch are common in places along rivers and streams, with flowering dogwood on uplands. Tallgrass prairie and some sandstone and limestone glades were also found on uplands, but most prairies have been converted to cropland.
Land Use and Land Cover: Mosaic of woodland, grassland, and small areas of cropland.

Explore Natural Areas in the Ozark Highlands

• Schermerhorn Park • Ozark Forest
• Spring River Wildlife Area • Ozark Forest and Prairie

40b. Osage Cuestas

Square Miles: 8988
Physiography: Cuestas and gentle undulating plains. Perennial streams.
Geology: Silty and clayey residuum and colluvium. Alternating layers of Pennsylvanian sandstone, limestone, and shale. Glacial drift fairly abundant in the extreme northern part of this ecoregion.
Potential Natural Vegetation: Transitional: mostly tallgrass prairie in the west to a combination of tallgrass prairie and oak hickory woodland in the east. Upland forests dominated by shagbark hickory, bitternut hickory, red oak, white oak, and black oak, with Ohio buckeye, American bladderpod, and pawpaw common understory trees.
Land Use and Land Cover: Mosaic of cropland, woodland, and grassland.

Explore Natural Areas in the Osage Cuestas

• Eisenhower State Park • Tallgrass Prairie
• Grant-Bradbury Park • Tallgrass Prairie
• Hollister Wildlife Area •Tallgrass Prairie and Woodland
• Ivan Boyd Memorial Prairie Preserve • Tallgrass Prairie
• Lyon Wildlife Area • Tallgrass Prairie
• Osage Wildlife Area • Tallgrass Prairie

40c. Wooded Osage Plains

Square Miles: 1565
Physiography: Cuestas and gentle undulating plains. Perennial streams.
Geology: Silty and clayey residuum and colluvium. Alternating layers of Pennsylvanian sandstone, limestone, and shale.
Potential Natural Vegetation: Mixture of oak hickory woodland and tallgrass prairie with a greater concentration of hardwood forest. Much like 40b, but Shumard oak, pecan, pin oak, and persimmon a bit more common, especially along the Marais des Cygnes River.
Land Use and Land Cover: Mosaic of woodland, cropland, and grassland.

Explore the Natural Areas of Wooded Osage Plains

• Bourbon Wildlife Area • Woodland and Prairie
• Dingus Natural Area • Oak-Hickory Woodland
• Elk City Wildlife Area • Tallgrass Prairie and Woodland

40d. Cherokee Plains

Square Miles: 1308
Physiography: Flat to gently sloping plains. Perennial streams.
Geology: Sandy and clayey residuum and colluvium. Pennsylvanian sandstone, limestone, and shale (Cherokee Group).
Potential Natural Vegetation: A combination of mostly tallgrass prairie and oak hickory woodland in areas of greater relief. Upland areas dominated by hardpan and claypan prairie with little bluestem, side oats grama, varying amounts of big bluestem and Indiangrass, and a variety of forbs.
Land Use and Land Cover: Combination of cropland and grassland, with scattered areas of woodland. Areas of historic coal strip mining, especially along the Kansas Missouri border.

Explore the Natural Areas of the Cherokee Plains

• Harmon Wildlife Area • Floodplain Woodland and Prairie
• Mined Land Wildlife Area • Woodland and PrairieExplor

47d. Missouri Alluvial Plain

Square Miles: 559
Physiography: Glaciated. Level floodplain alluvium. Riparian wetlands largely drained.
Geology: Alluvial deposits over Cretaceous sandstone and shale (Carlile shale through Dakota sandstone) in the north, and Pennsylvanian shale, sandstone, and limestone to the south.
Potential Natural Vegetation: Northern floodplain forest: cottonwood, green ash, boxelder, and elm, with lowland tallgrass prairie: big bluestem, prairie cordgrass, switchgrass, and sedges.
Land Use and Land Cover: Intensively farmed for corn and soybeans. Transportation corridor with most areas drained by surface ditches, land grading, or protected by dams or levees.

47h. Nebraska Kansas Loess Hills

Square Miles: 3333
Physiography: Glaciated. Deep, rolling loess covered hills. Perennial streams.
Geology: Loess mantle with underlying calcareous glacial till on Pennsylvanian shale, sandstone, and limestone.
Potential Natural Vegetation: Tallgrass prairie: big bluestem, Indiangrass, switchgrass, and little bluestem. Scattered oak hickory forests and some floodplain woodlands along rivers and streams: bur oak, basswood, black walnut, green ash, plains cottonwoods, and willows.
Land Use and Land Cover: Principally in cropland except on the steep slopes, which are in trees and pasture. Corn, soybeans, small grains, and alfalfa are typical crops.

47i. Glacial Drift Hills

Square Miles: 6460
Physiography: Glaciated. Rolling low hills. Perennial streams.
Geology: Loess and clay loam calcareous glacial till. Loess is variable. Generally loess depth decreases with distance from source rivers. Pennsylvanian shale, sandstone, and limestone and Permian shale and limestone.
Potential Natural Vegetation: Tallgrass prairie with cottonwood dominated forests along floodplains and oak hickory forests on bluffs.
Land Use and Land Cover: Predominately cropland on the flatter loess hills with main crops of wheat and corn, and some areas in grain sorghum, soybeans, and alfalfa. Pastureland is more extensive on till soils.

Explore the Natural Areas of the Glacial Drift Hills

• Atchison State Fishing Lake • Oak-Hickory Woodland
• Baker Wetlands • Wet Meadow
• Clinton Wildlife Area • Tallgrass Prairie and Woodland
• Perry Lake • Oak-Hickory Woodland
• Prairie Center • Tallgrass Prairie
• Shawnee Wildlife Area • Tallgrass Prairie
• Wyandotte County Lake • Oak-Hickory Woodland